Dentures are an effective solution for individuals who have lost some or all of their natural teeth. They can improve the appearance of your smile, help you to eat and speak more comfortably, and enhance your overall quality of life. In this article, we will discuss why dentures are needed, how they are made, their history, and the different types available.
Why are they needed?
Dentures are needed when a person loses their natural teeth due to age, injury, or dental disease. Without teeth, eating and speaking can be challenging, and self-esteem can suffer. They provide a natural-looking and functional replacement for missing teeth, enabling individuals to eat, speak, and smile with confidence.
How are they made?
The process of making dentures involves several steps. First, your dentist will take measurements of your mouth to create a custom mold. This mold will be used to create a wax model of your dentures. Once the wax model is made, your dentist will have you try it on to ensure that it fits properly and looks natural. Any necessary adjustments will be made at this stage. After the wax model is finalised, it will be used to create the final denture which will be adjusted to fit your mouth properly and provide a comfortable fit.
History of dentures
Dentures have been around for centuries. The ancient Egyptians used dentures made of ivory and bone, and the Romans used dentures made of human and animal teeth. In the 18th century, dentures began to be made with porcelain, which provided a more natural-looking appearance. Today, they are typically made of acrylic resin or porcelain and are custom-made to fit each patient’s unique mouth.
Types of dentures
Removable partial – are for patients who are missing some of their teeth on a particular arch. Fixed partial dentures, also known as “crown and bridge” dentures, are made from crowns that are fitted on the remaining teeth. They act as abutments and pontics and are made from materials resembling the missing teeth. Fixed bridges are more expensive than removable appliances but are more stable.
Complete – are worn by patients who are missing all of the teeth in a single arch—i.e., the maxillary (upper) or mandibular (lower) arch—or, more commonly, in both arches.
Copy dentures – Can be made for partial but mainly complete denture patients. These dentures require fewer visits to make and usually are made for older patients, patients who would have difficulty adjusting to new dentures, would like a spare pair of dentures or like the aesthetics of their dentures already. This requires taking an impression of the patient’s current denture and remaking them.
Cost
The cost of dentures in Poland is less than in the UK, however because it will involve a few visits to the dentist, it might not make financial sense to come to Poland for treatment unless you plan to holiday here for a couple of weeks or make a few visits. Full Dentures (per arch) cost from around £250.
Medical uses
Dentures do not feel like real teeth, nor do they function
like real teeth, however there are some benefits:
Mastication or chewing ability is improved by replacing edentulous (without teeth) areas with denture teeth.
Aesthetics, because the presence of teeth gives a natural appearance to the face and wearing a denture to replace missing teeth provides support for the lips and cheeks and corrects the collapsed appearance that results from the loss of teeth.
Pronunciation, because replacing missing teeth, especially the anteriors, enables patients to speak better. There is especially improvement in pronouncing words containing sibilants or fricatives.
Self-esteem, because improved looks and speech boost confidence in the ability to interact socially.
Tooth loss
People can become entirely edentulous for many reasons, the most prevalent being removal due to dental disease, which typically relates to oral flora control, i.e., periodontal disease and tooth decay. Other reasons include pregnancy, tooth developmental defects caused by severe malnutrition, genetic defects such as dentinogenesis imperfecta, trauma, or drug use.
Materials
False teeth are mainly made from acrylic due to the ease of material manipulation and likeness to intra-oral tissues, i.e.. gums. Most are fabricated from heat-cured acrylic polymethyl methacrylate and rubber-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate.
Colouring agents and synthetic fibres are added to obtain the tissue-like shade, and to mimic the small capillaries of the oral mucosa, respectively.
However, dentures made from acrylic can be fragile and fracture easily if the patient has trouble adapting neuromuscular control. This can be overcome by reinforcing the denture base with cobalt chromium (Co-Cr). They are often thinner (therefore more comfortable) and stronger (to prevent repeating fractures).
Conclusion
Dentures are an essential solution for individuals who have lost their natural teeth. They can improve your quality of life by restoring your ability to eat, speak, and smile comfortably. The process of creating dentures involves several steps, including taking measurements, creating a wax model, and adjusting the final denture to fit properly. Dentures have a long history, dating back centuries, and today they are typically made of acrylic resin or porcelain. There are two main types of dentures: full and partial, as well as implant-supported dentures. If you are in need of dentures, talk to your dentist about which type is right for you.
Dental treatment is essential for maintaining good oral health and overall well-being. It involves various procedures aimed at preventing, diagnosing, and treating dental problems such as tooth decay, gum disease, and oral cancer. Dental treatment is essential for everyone, regardless of their age or oral health status, and regular dental check-ups can help detect dental problems before they become severe.
One of the primary reasons why dental treatment is necessary is to prevent dental problems from developing. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings can help detect dental problems such as cavities, gum disease, and oral cancer before they become severe. Early detection can lead to easier and less invasive treatments, saving patients time and money in the long run. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as “oral-systemic health”.
Dental treatment also helps improve the appearance of teeth and overall oral health. Procedures such as teeth whitening, dental bonding, and veneers can improve the appearance of teeth, resulting in a more confident and beautiful smile. Additionally, dental treatments such as fillings and crowns can help restore the structure of teeth, ensuring they remain functional and strong.
Another critical aspect of dental treatment is its role in preventing oral cancer. Regular dental check-ups involve oral cancer screenings, which can help detect early signs of oral cancer. Oral cancer is a severe and life-threatening condition that can be challenging to treat if detected late, making early detection crucial.
Finally, dental treatment is necessary to maintain good overall health. Oral health is closely linked to overall health, and poor oral health has been linked to various health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections. Regular dental check-ups and treatment can help prevent these conditions from developing, leading to better overall health.
Major public health problems
Dental treatment usually encompasses practices related to the oral cavity and is often referred to as dentistry. According to the WorldHealth Organisation, oral diseases are major public health problems. This is due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economic groups.
Dental treatment
The majority of dental treatment in Poland carried out today is to prevent or treat the two most common oral diseases. These are dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth, scaling and root planing and endodontic root canal treatment.
Dental treatment in Poland
Education of dentists in Poland is high and regulation is strict. To become a qualified dentist in Poland, students must first undergo five years of training at university. After completing their five-year course, graduates begin a 12-month work experience program. During this time, they are only able to perform treatments under supervision. Following this, they must pass another exam in order to become fully qualified.
By nature of their general training, they can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth. In addition to this – performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics, sedatives, and any other drugs used in patient management.
Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health and conditions in the oral cavity may be indicative of systemic diseases, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac disease or cancer.
In conclusion, dental treatment is essential for maintaining good oral health, improving the appearance of teeth, preventing oral cancer, and promoting overall health. Regular dental check-ups and treatments can prevent dental problems from developing, save patients time and money, and improve their overall quality of life. It is crucial for everyone to prioritize their oral health and make dental treatment a regular part of their healthcare routine.
Dental implants are an increasingly popular and effective solution for replacing missing teeth and restoring your smile. Unlike traditional dentures or bridges, dental implants are a long-lasting solution that can look and feel like your natural teeth.
The first step in the dental implant process is a consultation with your dentist. During this appointment, your dentist will evaluate your oral health, take X-rays, and determine if you are a good candidate for dental implants. If you are a candidate, the next step is the implant surgery. During the surgery, a small titanium post is inserted into your jawbone, which acts as the root of your new tooth. The post is then allowed to fuse with the bone, which can take several months.
Once the post has fused with the bone, a connector called an abutment is attached to the post. This connector serves as the base for your new tooth, which is then attached to the abutment. The new tooth is custom-made to match your natural teeth in size, shape, and colour, ensuring a natural and comfortable fit.
Long-lasting solution
One of the primary benefits of dental implants is that they are a long-lasting solution. With proper care and maintenance, dental implants can last for many years, making them a cost-effective solution for restoring your smile. Additionally, dental implants can help prevent bone loss in the jaw, which can occur when teeth are missing, and can also improve your ability to chew and speak properly.
While dental implants are a safe and effective solution for most patients, there are some potential risks and complications to be aware of. These can include infection, nerve damage, or implant failure. However, with proper care and maintenance, the risk of these complications is low.
Due to the cost in the UK, many Brits decide to have their dental implants in Poland where they can save up to 70% on UK prices.
Popular dental implants in Poland
All-on-4 / All-on-6 – This is a popular procedure in Poland where 4-to-6 dental implants are placed in the upper or lower jawbone to serve as a support for a permanently fixed (non-removable) ceramic bridge made of 10-14 custom-made ceramic crowns.
What is a dental implant?
A dental implant is a surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull. It supports a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor. It is a fairly complicated and lengthy procedure requiring a minimum of two visits so you should bear this in mind when having your dental implants in Poland.
Osseointegration
The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process called osseointegration, in which materials such as titanium form an intimate bond to bone.
The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added. A variable amount of healing time is required for osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a tooth, bridge or denture) is attached to the implant, or an abutment is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic.
Success or failure
Success or failure of implants depends on the health of the person receiving the treatment, drugs which affect the chances of osseointegration, and the health of the tissues in the mouth.
The amount of stress that will be put on the implant and fixture during normal function is also evaluated. Planning the position and number of implants is key to the long-term health of the prosthetic since bio-mechanical forces created during chewing can be significant.
Positioning
The position of implants is determined by the position and angle of adjacent teeth, by lab simulations or by using computed tomography with CAD/CAM simulations and surgical guides called stents. The prerequisites for long-term success of osseointegrated dental implants are healthy bone and gingiva. Since both can atrophy after tooth extraction, pre-prosthetic procedures such as sinus lifts or gingival grafts are sometimes required to recreate ideal bone and gingiva.
Fixed or removable
The final prosthetic can be either fixed, where a person cannot remove the denture or teeth from their mouth, or removable, where they can remove the prosthetic. In each case an abutment is attached to the implant fixture. Where the prosthetic is fixed, the crown, bridge or denture is fixed to the abutment either with lag screws or with dental cement. Where the prosthetic is removable, a corresponding adapter is placed in the prosthetic so that the two pieces can be secured together.
Risks & complications
The risks and complications related to implant therapy divide into those that occur during surgery (such as excessive bleeding or nerve injury), those that occur in the first six months (such as infection and failure to osseointegrate) and those that occur long-term (such as peri-implantitis and mechanical failures).
In the presence of healthy tissues, a well-integrated implant with appropriate biomechanical loads can have 5-year plus survival rates from 93 to 98 percent and 10 to 15-year lifespans for the prosthetic teeth. Long-term studies show a 16- to 20-year success (implants surviving without complications or revisions) between 52% and 76%, with complications occurring up to 48% of the time.
Medical uses
The primary use of dental implants is to support dental prosthetics. Modern dental implants make use of osseointegration, the biologic process where bone fuses tightly to the surface of specific materials such as titanium and some ceramics. The integration of implant and bone can support physical loads for decades without failure.
For individual tooth replacement, an implant abutment is first secured to the implant with an abutment screw. A crown (the dental prosthesis) is then connected to the abutment with dental cement, a small screw, or fused with the abutment as one-piece during fabrication. Dental implants, in the same way, can also be used to retain a multiple tooth dental prosthesis either in the form of a fixed bridge or removable dentures.
An implant supported bridge (or fixed denture) is a group of teeth secured to dental implants so the prosthetic cannot be removed by the user. Bridges typically connect to more than one implant and may also connect to teeth as anchor points. Typically, the number of teeth will outnumber the anchor points with the teeth that are directly over the implants referred to as abutments and those between abutments referred to as pontics.
Implant supported bridges attach to implant abutments in the same way as a single tooth implant replacement. A fixed bridge may replace as few as two teeth (also known as a fixed partial denture) and may extend to replace an entire arch of teeth (also known as a fixed full denture). In both cases, the prosthesis is said to be fixed because it cannot be removed by the denture wearer.
A removable implant supported denture (also an implant supported overdenture) is a type of dental prosthesis which is not permanently fixed in place. The dental prosthesis can be disconnected from the implant abutments with finger pressure by the wearer. To enable this, the abutment is shaped as a small connector (a button, ball, bar or magnet) which can be connected to analogous adapters in the underside of the dental prosthesis. Facial prosthetics, used to correct facial deformities (e.g., from cancer treatment or injuries) can use connections to implants placed in the facial bones. Depending on the situation the implant may be used to retain either a fixed or removable prosthetic that replaces part of the face.
TADs
In orthodontics, small diameter dental implants, referred to as Temporary Anchorage Devices (or TADs) can assist tooth movement by creating anchor points from which forces can be generated. For teeth to move, a force must be applied to them in the direction of the desired movement. The force stimulates cells in the periodontal ligament to cause bone remodelling, removing bone in the direction of travel of the tooth and adding it to the space created. In order to generate a force on a tooth, an anchor point (something that will not move) is needed.
Since implants do not have a periodontal ligament, and bone remodelling will not be stimulated when tension is applied, they are ideal anchor points in orthodontics. Typically, implants designed for orthodontic movement are small and do not fully osseointegrate, allowing easy removal following treatment.
Composition
A typical conventional implant consists of a titanium screw (resembling a tooth root) with a roughened or smooth surface. The majority of dental implants are made out of commercially pure titanium, which is available in four grades depending upon the amount of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron contained.
In conclusion, dental implants are an excellent solution for replacing missing teeth and restoring your smile. If you’re considering dental implants, it’s essential to work with a qualified and experienced dentist who can guide you through the process and provide you with the best possible care. With proper care and maintenance, dental implants can provide a long-lasting solution that can improve your quality of life and restore your confidence in your smile.
FAQs about Dental Implants
How much are dental implants in Poland?
Prices vary from clinic to clinic; however, as a general guide: A single tooth implant in Poland will cost from £550, the cost in the UK is around £2,000. Full mouth implants in the UK are £7,000 – £28,000, in Poland the cost is £4,000 to £9,000.
What are All-on-4 dental implants?
All-on-4 is a procedure where 4 dental implants, depending on bone availability (i.e., volume, density, etc.) are placed in the upper or lower jawbone to serve as a support for a permanently fixed ceramic bridge made of 10-14 custom-made ceramic crowns.
How much do All-on-4-dental implants cost in Poland?
All-on-4 dental implants cost from £5200 – £7000 in Poland. In the UK, the cost is from £9500 – £16000.
Are dental implants removable?
The final prosthetic can be either fixed, where a person cannot remove the denture or teeth from their mouth, or removable, where they can remove the prosthetic.
What are the risks with dental implants?
The risks and complications related to implant therapy divide into those that occur during surgery (such as excessive bleeding or nerve injury), those that occur in the first six months (such as infection and failure to osseointegrate) and those that occur long-term (such as peri-implantitis and mechanical failures).
How long do dental implants last?
In the presence of healthy tissues, a well-integrated implant with appropriate biomechanical loads can have 5-year plus survival rates from 93 to 98 percent and 10 to 15-year lifespans for the prosthetic teeth. Long-term studies show a 16- to 20-year success (implants surviving without complications or revisions) between 52% and 76%, with complications occurring up to 48% of the time. Many dentists conservatively estimate that implants will last about 25 years.
What is osseointegration?
The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process called osseointegration, in which materials such as titanium form an intimate bond to bone. The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added. A variable amount of healing time is required for osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a tooth, bridge or denture) is attached to the implant, or an abutment is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic.
There are many reasons why dental extractions are necessary, the main ones being tooth damage, due to breakage or decay especially when they are associated with toothache. Dental extractions are also referred to as exodontia or exodontics.
A dental extraction is a common dental procedure used to remove a damaged, decayed, or otherwise problematic tooth. While most dental problems can be treated with less invasive methods, such as fillings, crowns, or root canals, sometimes dental extractions are necessary to prevent further damage or alleviate pain. Whether you’re experiencing a severe toothache or your dentist has recommended an extraction for other reasons, understanding the process and aftercare is essential for a successful outcome.
Sometimes wisdom teeth are impacted (stuck and unable to grow normally into the mouth) and may cause recurrent infections of the gum (pericoronitis). In orthodontics if the teeth are crowded, sound teeth may be extracted (often bicuspids) to create space so the rest of the teeth can be straightened.
Procedure
Tooth extraction is usually relatively straightforward, and the vast majority can be usually performed quickly while the individual is awake by using local anaesthetic injections to eliminate pain. While local anaesthetic blocks pain, mechanical forces are still felt. Some teeth are more difficult to remove for several reasons, especially related to the tooth’s position, the shape of the tooth roots, and the integrity of the tooth.
Dental fear
Dental phobia is an issue for some individuals, and tooth extraction tends to be feared more than other dental treatments such as fillings. If a tooth is buried in the bone, a surgical or trans alveolar approach may be required, which involves cutting the gum away and removing the bone which is holding the tooth in with a surgical drill. After the tooth is removed, stitches are used to replace the gum into the normal position.
Post extraction
Immediately after the tooth is removed, a bite pack is used to apply pressure to the tooth socket and stop the bleeding. After a tooth extraction, dentists usually give advice which revolves around not disturbing the blood clot in the socket by not touching the area with a finger or the tongue, by avoiding vigorous rinsing of the mouth, and avoiding strenuous activity.
Sucking, such as through a straw, is to be avoided. If the blood clot is dislodged, bleeding can restart, or alveolar osteitis (“dry socket”) can develop, which can be very painful and lead to delayed healing of the socket. Smoking is avoided for at least 24 hours as it impairs wound healing and makes dry socket significantly more likely. Most advise hot saltwater mouth baths which start 24 hours after the extraction.
Other reasons
Severe tooth decay or infection – (acute or chronic alveolar abscess, such as periapical abscess – collection of infected material (pus) forming at the tip of the root of a tooth.). Despite the reduction in worldwide prevalence of dental caries, it is still the most common reason for extraction of (non-third molar) teeth, accounting for up to two thirds of extractions
Severe gum disease – which may affect the supporting tissues and bone structures of teeth
Treatment of symptomatic impacted wisdom teeth – who have or cause certain diseases such as non-restorable caries or cysts
Preventive/prophylactic removal – of asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth
Supernumerary teeth – which are blocking other teeth from coming in
Supplementary or malformed teeth
Fractured teeth
Cosmetic – to remove teeth of poor appearance, unsuitable for restoration
In preparation for orthodontic treatment – (braces)
Teeth which cannot be restored endodontically
Prosthetics – teeth detrimental to the fit or appearance of dentures
Lower cost – compared to other treatments
Types of extraction
Simple extractions – are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually with the patient under local anaesthetic, and require only the use of instruments to elevate and/or grasp the visible portion of the tooth. Typically, the tooth is lifted using an elevator, and using dental forceps, rocked back and forth until the periodontal ligament has been sufficiently broken and the supporting alveolar bone has been adequately widened to make the tooth loose enough to remove. Typically, when teeth are removed with forceps, slow, steady pressure is applied with controlled force.
Surgical extractions – involve the removal of teeth that cannot be easily accessed, for example because they have broken under the gum line or because they have not erupted fully. Surgical extractions almost always require an incision. In a surgical extraction the doctor may elevate the soft tissues covering the tooth and bone and may also remove some of the overlying and/or surrounding jawbone tissue with a drill or osteotome. Frequently, the tooth may be split into multiple pieces to facilitate its removal.
Replacement options for missing teeth
Following dental extraction, a gap is left. There are various options to fill this gap including a bridge, implant or dentures.
Dental extractions in Poland
The cost of extractions in Poland are much less than in the UK. Typically, an extraction will cost £30 in Poland compared to £125 in the UK. Surgical extractions can cost as little as £65 compared to £295 (UK).
If you have missing teeth, your dentist can close or bridge the gaps in your smile with a dental bridge. This treatment is widely available in Poland and much cheaper than in the UK.
Dental bridges are a popular dental restoration that can improve both the function and appearance of your smile. Dental bridges are an effective solution for replacing missing teeth and can help restore your ability to chew and speak properly. Bridges can also help prevent further dental problems caused by the shifting of your remaining teeth, which can lead to misalignment and other dental issues.
What is a dental bridge?
A bridge is a fixed dental restoration (a fixed dental prosthesis) used to replace one or more missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth ordental implants. It will literally bridge the gap created by one or more missing teeth.
What types of bridges are there?
There are four main types of bridges, traditional (or conventional), cantilever, Maryland & implant-supported.
What is a traditional bridge?
A traditional bridge is the most popular type of dental bridge and can be used when you have natural teeth on both sides of the gap created by your missing tooth. If you have a natural tooth on each side of the gap caused by the missing tooth or teeth, then a cantilever or Maryland bridge may be used.
What is an Implant-supported dental bridge?
Implant-supported bridges use dental implants instead of crowns or frameworks. Typically, one implant is surgically placed for every missing tooth, and these implants hold the bridge in position.
Why do I need a dental bridge?
When you have a missing tooth or missing teeth, a bridge can benefit you in many ways e.g., it can restore your smile, correct your speech, help you to chew properly & maintain the shape of your face.
How Long do Dental Bridges Last?
With good oral hygiene and regular check-ups, it is not unusual for the life span of a fixed bridge to be over 10 years. Poor oral hygiene could reduce this to between 2 and 5 years.
How much do dental bridges cost in Poland?
A traditional bridge in Poland will cost around £320 on average. In the UK, the typical price is around £700.
A dental hygienist or oral hygienist is a licensed dental professional, registered with a dental association or regulatory body within their country of practice. In Poland, that is The Polish Academy for Dental Prophylaxis.
Once registered, hygienists are primary healthcare professionals who work independently of or alongside dentists and other dental professionals to provide full oral health care. They have the training and education that focus on and specialise in the prevention and treatment of many oral diseases. They play a vital role in maintaining healthy teeth and gums.
One of the primary responsibilities of a dental hygienist is to conduct thorough teeth cleanings, including removing plaque and tartar from teeth and gum lines. They use specialised tools to scrape and clean teeth, and they also provide instructions to patients on how to properly brush and floss to maintain good oral health.
In addition to cleanings, dental hygienists also perform oral health assessments and assist with dental procedures. They may take X-rays, conduct screenings for oral cancer, and provide fluoride treatments to help prevent tooth decay. Dental hygienists can also apply sealants to teeth to help prevent cavities, and they can provide recommendations for over-the-counter dental products that can help patients maintain good oral health at home.
Another critical role of dental hygienists is educating patients on the importance of good oral hygiene practices. They work with patients to develop a personalised oral care routine and offer guidance on proper brushing and flossing techniques. Dental hygienists can also provide information on how to prevent dental problems, such as gum disease and cavities.
Dental hygienists work in a variety of settings, including dental offices, hospitals, schools, and public health clinics. They are licensed professionals, and they must complete a rigorous educational program before becoming certified. In addition to their academic qualifications, dental hygienists must also stay up-to-date with the latest techniques and advancements in dental care.
Dental hygienists have a specific scope of clinical procedures they provide to their patients. They assess a patient’s condition in order to offer patient-specific preventive and educational services to promote and maintain good oral health.
Periodontal therapy
A major role of a dental hygienist is to perform periodontal therapy which includes things such periodontal charting, periodontal debridement (scaling and root planing), prophylaxis (preventing disease) or periodontal maintenance procedures for patients with periodontal disease.
Dental hygienists work in a range of dental settings, from independent, private, or specialist practices to the public sector. Dental hygienists work together with dentists, dental therapists, oral health therapists as well as other dental professionals.
Hygienists aim to work inter-professionally to provide holistic oral health care in the best interest of their patient. Dental hygienists also offer expertise in their field and can provide a dental hygiene diagnosis, which is an integral component of the comprehensive dental diagnosis.
Services
In the dental office, the dentist and the dental hygienist work together to meet the oral health needs of patients. Some of the services provided by dental hygienists may include:
patient screening procedures, such as assessment of oral health conditions, review of the health history, oral cancer screening, head and neck inspection, dental charting and taking blood pressure and pulse
taking and developing dental radiographs (x-rays)
removing calculus and plaque (hard and soft deposits) from all surfaces of the teeth
applying preventive materials to the teeth (e.g., sealants and fluorides)
teaching patients’ appropriate oral hygiene strategies to maintain oral health
counselling patients about good nutrition and its impact on oral health
making impressions of patients’ teeth for study casts (models of teeth used by dentists to evaluate patient treatment needs)
performing documentation and office management activities
Periodontal Treatment
Gum disease is caused by a sticky film of bacteria called plaque. Plaque is always forming on teeth, but if they aren’t cleaned well, the bacteria in plaque can cause gums to become inflamed. When this happens, the gums pull away from the teeth and form spaces called pockets.
Plaque then gets trapped in these pockets and cannot be removed with regular brushing. Untreated gum disease can lead to bone and tooth loss. If the periodontal pockets are too deep a deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) is necessary to remove the plaque in these pockets.
Scaling and root planing is a careful cleaning of the root surfaces to remove plaque and calculus from deep periodontal pockets and to smooth the tooth root to remove bacterial toxins. Scaling and root planing is sometimes followed by adjunctive therapy such as local delivery antimicrobials, systemic antibiotics, and host modulation, as needed on a case-by-case basis.
Most periodontists agree that after scaling and root planing, many patients do not require any further active treatment. However, the majority of patients will require ongoing maintenance therapy to sustain health. The maintenance phase involves continuous care, at patient specific levels.
In conclusion, dental hygienists play an essential role in maintaining good oral health. They work closely with dentists to provide a comprehensive approach to dental care, from cleanings to preventative treatments and education. By working with a dental hygienist, patients can develop healthy oral care habits and prevent dental problems for a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.
If you are having dental treatment in Poland, you’ll probably going to hear your dentist talk about a crown or dental cap. But what is a dental crown, how does it work & what will it cost? These are all questions we will deal with in this article.
Dental crowns are a popular dental restoration that can improve both the appearance and function of your teeth. Dental crowns are a versatile solution to a variety of dental problems, from damaged or decayed teeth to cosmetic concerns such as misshapen or discolored teeth. By covering the tooth with a custom-made cap, dental crowns can provide protection, support, and a natural-looking finish to your smile.
What is a dental crown?
A crown, sometimes known as dental cap, is a type of dental restoration which completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant.
Why is a dental crown needed?
Crowns are often needed when a large cavity threatens the ongoing health of a tooth. Crowns are often used to improve the strength or appearance of teeth. While inarguably beneficial to dental health, the procedure and materials can be relatively expensive.
How are dental crowns made?
The most common method of crowning a tooth involves using a dental impression of a prepared tooth by a dentist to fabricate the crown outside of the mouth. The crown can then be inserted at a subsequent dental appointment. Using this indirect method of tooth restoration allows use of strong restorative materials requiring time-consuming fabrication methods requiring intense heat, such as casting metal or firing porcelain which would not be possible to complete inside the mouth.
What are the reasons why I need a dental crown?
There are many reasons: Replace existing crowns which have failed Restore the form, function and appearance of badly broken down, worn or fractured teeth, where other simpler forms of restorations are unsuitable or have been found to fail clinically. Improve the aesthetics of unsightly teeth which cannot be managed by simpler cosmetic and restorative procedures. Maintain the structural stability and reduce the risk of fractures of extensively restored teeth including those which have been endodontically treated. Restore the visible portion of a single dental implant
What are dental crowns made from?
Crowns are either made from metal, ceramic or a mix of both. As the name suggests, full metal crowns are entirely cast in a metal alloy. There are a multitude of alloys available and the selection of a particular alloy over another depends on several factors including cost, handling, physical properties & biocompatibility. Dental ceramics or porcelains are used primarily for their aesthetic properties compared to metal restorations. These materials are generally quite brittle and prone to fracture.
How much do dental crowns cost in Poland?
A crown or onlay in Poland will cost from £300 on average compared to £795 in the UK.
What is an inlay or onlay?
Inlays and onlays are used in molars or premolars, when the tooth has experienced too much damage to support a basic filling, but not so much damage that a crown is necessary. The key comparison between them is the amount and part of the tooth that they cover. An inlay will incorporate the pits and fissures of a tooth, mainly encompassing the chewing surface between the cusps. An onlay will involve one or more cusps being covered. If all cusps and the entire surface of the tooth is covered this is, then known as a crown.
How many treatments are required for a dental crown?
Usually, two treatments are required because crowns are usually manufactured in a laboratory; however, it is possible to have this treatment in just one visit to the dentist using CAD-CAM.
What is CAD-CAM?
CAD-CAM (aka Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided Manufacture) is a fabrication method which aids the production of dental restorations e.g., crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays. It is possible for these indirect restorations to be provided in one visit.
A dental restoration or dental filling is a treatment to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure resulting from caries or external trauma as well as to the replacement of such structure supported by dental implants. This treatment is widely available in Poland. The goal of dental restoration is to improve the function and appearance of the teeth, while also maintaining good oral health.
Types of dental restoration
There are several different types of dental restoration procedures that can be performed, depending on the specific needs of the patient. Some of the most common procedures include:
Fillings: This is the most common type of dental restoration, and involves filling a cavity with a material such as composite resin, amalgam, or gold. Fillings are used to restore the function of the tooth and prevent further decay.
Crowns: A crown is a cap that is placed over a damaged or weakened tooth to provide support and restore its function. Crowns are typically made from porcelain or metal and can last for many years with proper care.
Bridges: A bridge is a dental appliance that is used to replace one or more missing teeth. The appliance is anchored to the adjacent teeth with crowns, and a false tooth or teeth are attached to the bridge to fill the gap.
Implants: Dental implants are a permanent solution for missing teeth. They are surgically implanted into the jawbone and serve as a replacement for the root of the missing tooth. Once the implant is securely in place, a crown is attached to the top to provide a natural-looking and functional replacement tooth.
Dentures: Dentures are removable appliances that are used to replace multiple missing teeth. They can be full or partial and are designed to fit snugly over the gums.
Regardless of the specific procedure, dental restoration is a critical aspect of maintaining good oral health. When left untreated, dental problems can worsen and lead to more serious health issues such as infections, gum disease, and tooth loss.
If you are experiencing dental issues or have missing teeth, it is important to consult with a dental professional. They can evaluate your needs and recommend the best course of action for restoring your teeth and maintaining your oral health.
In addition to professional dental care, it is also important to practice good oral hygiene at home. This includes brushing and flossing regularly, as well as avoiding sugary foods and drinks that can contribute to tooth decay.
Tooth preparation
Restoring a tooth to good form and function requires two steps:
preparing the tooth for placement of restorative material or materials
placement of these materials
The process of preparation usually involves cutting the tooth with a rotary dental hand piece and dental burrs or a dental laser. This is to make space for the planned restorative materials and to remove any dental decay or portions of the tooth that are structurally unsound. If permanent restoration cannot be carried out immediately after tooth preparation, temporary restoration may be performed.
In preparing a tooth for a restoration, a number of considerations will determine the type and extent of the preparation. The most important factor to consider is decay. For the most part, the extent of the decay will define the extent of the preparation, and in turn, the subsequent method and appropriate materials for restoration.
Direct restorations
This technique involves placing a soft or malleable filling into the prepared tooth and building up the tooth. The material is then set hard, and the tooth is restored. The advantage of direct restorations is that they usually set quickly and can be placed in a single procedure. The dentist has a variety of different filling options to choose from. A decision is usually made based on the location and severity of the associated cavity. Since the material is required to set while in contact with the tooth, limited energy (heat) is passed to the tooth from the setting process.
Indirect restorations
In this technique the restoration is fabricated outside of the mouth using the dental impressions of the prepared tooth. Common indirect restorations include inlays and onlays, crowns, bridges, and veneers. Usually, a dental technician fabricates the indirect restoration from records the dentist has provided. The finished restoration is usually bonded permanently with a dental cement. It is often done in two separate visits to the dentist. Common indirect restorations are done using gold or ceramics.
While the indirect restoration is being prepared, a provisory/temporary restoration is sometimes used to cover the prepared tooth to help maintain the surrounding dental tissues.
Removable dental prostheses (mainly dentures) are sometimes considered a form of indirect dental restoration, as they are made to replace missing teeth.
Restoration using dental implants
Dental implants are anchors placed in bone, usually made from titanium or titanium alloy. They can support dental restorations which replace missing teeth. Some restorative applications include supporting crowns, bridges, or dental prostheses.
Overall, dental restoration is an essential part of maintaining good oral health and can help to improve both the function and appearance of your teeth. Whether you need a filling, a crown, an implant, or another type of dental restoration, working with a trusted dental professional can help you achieve the best possible results.
FAQs about Dental Restorations
What is Restorative dentistry?
Restorative dentistry is the study of diagnosis of and management of diseases of the teeth and their supporting structures. It includes the rehabilitation of the dentition to the functional and aesthetic requirements of the patient e.g., replacing of missing or damaged teeth. Fillings, crowns, bridges and implants are common restorative solutions. The aim is to bring back your natural smile and prevent future oral health issues.
How much do fillings cost in Poland?
White fillings cost around £50 with high aesthetic fillings costing from £140. This is much cheaper than the UK (50-70%).
Anyone who has spent even a few days in Krakow, Poland knows how much the city has to offer. Many tourists leave the city with the majority of her treasures left undiscovered. There simply isn’t enough time to cover them all. If you are in Krakow for a limited time, then below you will find our recommendations for things to do in Krakow and places that you should visit.
Ideas
Walk the entire Royal Way, from St. Florian’s Gate, down Florianska, across the Rynek Glowny, down Grodzka to the Wawel castle.
Listen to the Hejnal Mariacki (Trumpet Signal) while sipping a coffee in the Rynek Glowny. The signal is played live every full hour and is cut suddenly in memory of a trumpeter shot and killed by a Tatar arrow in 1241.
Walk around the Planty, a large park that surrounds the entire Old Town.
At Wawel Castle, lounge and take in the sun on the banks of the Vistula River or take a cruise down the river. See the Dragon’s Lair and see the dragon breathe fire.
Early on Sunday, go shopping at the open-air flea markets at Plac Nowy and Hala Targowa.
See a bit of UNESCO World Heritage and do Auschwitz and Salt mine tours.
Town Hall Tower
Town Hall Tower is one of the main focal points of the Main Market Square in the Old Town district of Krakow. The Tower is the only remaining part of the old Town Hall demolished in 1820 as part of the city plan to open up the Main Square. Its cellars once housed a city prison with a Medieval torture chamber. Built of stone and brick at the end of the 13th century, the massive Gothic tower of the early Town Hall stands 70 meters tall and leans just 55 cm, the result of a windstorm in 1703. The top floor of the tower with an observation deck is open to visitors.
Churches of Krakow
The metropolitan city of Krakow, former capital of Poland, is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic Roman Catholic churches along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the “Northern Rome” in the past. The churches of Krakow comprise over 120 Roman Catholic places of worship, of which over 60 were built in the 20th century. They remain the centres of religious life for the local population and are attended regularly.
Krakow Barbican
The Krakow Barbican is a fortified outpost and gateway leading into Krakow’s Old Town. It is one of the few remaining relics of the complex network of fortifications and defensive barriers that once encircled the city. It currently serves as a tourist attraction and venue for many multidisciplinary exhibitions. Based on Arabic rather than European defensive architecture, this masterpiece of medieval military engineering, with its circular fortress, was added to the city’s fortifications along the coronation route in the late 15th century.
Church of St. Casimir the Prince
The Church of St. Casimir the Prince with the adjacent Franciscan monastery and the catacombs is located at ul. Reformacka 4 in the Old Town district (Stare Miasto). Members of the Catholic Order of Franciscans known as “Little Brothers” arrived in Krakow in 1622 and settled at the outskirts of the town in Garbary (1625). Their church was completed in 1640 thanks to a donation from Zuzanna Amendówna, bequeathed around 1644 along with the miracle painting of Madonna displayed today at the side altar of the new church.
Krakow Old Town
Krakow Old Town is the central, historic district of Krakow, Poland. It is the most prominent example of an Old Town in the country, because for many centuries, Krakow was the royal capital of Poland, until Sigismund III Vasa relocated the court to Warsaw in 1596. Krakow’s historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1978. Medieval Krakow was surrounded by a 1.9 mile (3 km) defensive wall complete with 46 towers and seven main entrances leading through them. The fortifications around the Old Town were erected over the course of two centuries. Today the Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World and should definitely be on your things to do in Krakow list.
Sukiennice
The Renaissance Sukiennice (Cloth Hall, Drapers’ Hall) in Krakow is one of the city’s most recognisable icons. It was once a major centre of international trade. Traveling merchants met there to discuss business and to barter. During its golden age in the 15th century, Sukiennice was the source of a variety of exotic imports from the East – spices, silk, leather and wax – while Krakow itself exported textiles, lead, and salt from the Wieliczka Salt Mine. The Hall has hosted countless distinguished guests over the centuries and is still used to entertain monarchs and dignitaries.
Main Market Square
The Main Market Square in Krakow is the main square of the Old Town and a principal urban space located at the centre of the city. It dates back to the 13th century and at roughly 40,000sq m (430,000sq ft) it is the largest medieval town square in Europe. The centre of the square is dominated by the cloth hall Sukiennice, rebuilt in 1555 in the Renaissance style, topped by a beautiful attic or Polish parapet decorated with carved masks.
Royal Road
The Royal Road or Royal Route in Krakow begins at the northern end of the medieval Old Town and continues south through the centre of town towards the Wawel Hill, where the old kings’ residence, the Wawel Castle is located. The Royal Road passes some of the most prominent historic landmarks of Poland’s royal capital, providing suitable background to coronation processions and parades, the kings’ and princes’ receptions, foreign envoys and guests of distinction traveling from a far country to their destination at Wawel. The Royal Road starts outside the northern flank of the old city walls in the medieval suburb of Kleparz, now a central district of Krakow.
For further information about the city of Kraków, please visit our travel partner, Poland Travel Agency.
Learning Polish can be a daunting challenge, particularly for Westerners who often struggle with the pronunciation. Nevertheless, it’s worth giving it a try and to support you, we’ve put together a practical guide called “Polish for Tourists”.
To make the learning process smoother, we have included the pronunciation of every word or phrase in brackets. Unlike English, which has 26 letters, the Polish alphabet consists of 31 letters, including consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. It can be difficult to comprehend and you might feel incredulous that the word/phrase and the pronunciation match – but don’t worry, it’s true!
This “Starter Pack” guide is designed to provide you with the basics you’ll need to communicate effectively in Polish when you arrive in Poland. To boost your confidence, it’s always a good idea to try out your Polish after a few Polish vodkas. You’ll find those tricky “Zs” and “Ws” easier to pronounce and who knows, you might even impress the locals.
Basic Expressions in Polish
Yes = Tak (tak) No = Nie (n’yeh) Please = Proszę (prrosheh) Thank you = Dziękuję (diyen’kooyeh) Thank you very much = Dziękuję bardzo (diyen’kooyeh barrdzo) Hello = Dzień dobry (diyen dobrri) Hi = Cześć (chesh’tch) Good morning = Dzień dobry (diyen dobrri) Good afternoon = Dzień dobry (diyen dobrri) Good evening = Dobry wieczór (dobrri v-yechoorr) Good night = Dobranoc (dobrranots) Good Bye = Do widzenia (do vee-dzen’ya) Excuse me = Przepraszam (pshe-prrasham) Never Mind = Nie szkodzi (n-ye shkodjee) Where is the toilet? = Gdzie jest toaleta? (g-jeh yest twa-leta)
January = styczeń (stichen) February = luty (looti) March = marzec (mazhets) April = kwiecień (kf-ye-tch’yen) May = maj (muy) June = czerwiec (cherrv-yets) July = lipiec (leep-yets) August = sierpień (sh’yerrp-yen) September = wrzesień (v-zhe-sh’yen) October = pażdziernik (pazh’diyerr-n’eek) November = listopad (leestopat) December = grudzień (grroodiyen)
Yesterday =wczoraj (f-cho-rruy) Today =dzisiaj (dieesh’yuy) Tomorrow = jutro (yootrro) Next week = w następnym tygodniu (v nastemp-nim togodn’yoo) At the weekend = w weekend (v weekend)
Communication Problems
Do you speak English? = Czy mówi pan po angielsku? (chi moovee pan po an-g-yelskoo). Note: pan is used when speaking to a male, pani is used when speaking to a female.
Does anyone here speak English? = Czy ktoś tu mówi po angielsku? (chi ktosh’ too moovee po an-g-yelskoo) I don’t speak much Polish = Nie mówię dobrze po polsku. (n’yeh moovyeh dobzheh po polskoo) Could you speak more slowly? = Bardzo prosżę mówić wolniej? (barrdzo prrosheh moovitch voln’yey) Could you repeat that? = Bardzo proszę to powtórzyć? (barrdzo prrosheh to pof-too-zhitch) Excuse me (Pardon)? = Słucham? (swoo-ham) What does this/that mean? = Co to znaczy? (tso to znachi) I understand = Rozumiem (rro-zoom-yem) I don’t understand = Nie rozumiem (n’yeh rro-zoom-yem) Do you understand? = Czy pan rozumie? (chi pan rro-zoom-yeh) How are you? = Jak sie masz? (Yahk sheng mah-sh) Fine, thank you = Dziekuje, dobrze. (Jenkoo-yeng dob-zhe) What is your name? = Jak masz na imie? (yahk mah-sh nah eem-ye) My name is _____ = Nazywam sie ______. (Nah-zivam sheng ____)
Where / When / What / How / Why / Who / How
WHERE? / GDZIE?
Where is it? = Gdzie jest? (g-diyeh yest) Where are you going? = Gdzie pan idzie? (g-djeh pan ee-djeh)
Common answers:
across the road = przez ulicę (pshes oo-lee-tseng) around the town = po mieście (po m-yesh’tch’yeh) far from here = daleko stąd (daleko stant) here = tutaj (tootuy) in the car = w samochodzie (f samo-hodiyeh) on the left / right = na lewo / prawo (na levo / prravo) to the hotel = do hotelu (do hoteloo)
WHEN? / KIEDY?
Where does the museum open? = Kiedy otwarte jest muzeum? (kyedi otfarrteh yest moo-ze-oom) When does the train arrive? = Kiedy przyjeżdża pociąg? (kyedi pshi-yezh-ja potch’yank)
Common answers:
10 minutes ago = 10 minut temu (diyesh’yentch meenoot temoo) after lunch = po obiedzie (po ab-ye-djeh) always = zawsze (zafsheh) soon = niedlugo (n’ye-dwoogo) then = wtedy (f-tedi) sometimes = czasami (chasamee) often = często (chensto) now = teraz (teras) every week = co tydzień (tso ti-djeng) never = nigdy (neegdi) around midnight = około półnacy (okowa poow-notsi) not yet – jeszcze nie (yesh-cheh n’yeh)
WHAT SORT OF …? / JAKI …?
It’s = To jest (to yest)
Beautiful = Piękny (pyen’k-ni) Ugly = Brzydki (bzhid-kee) Better = lepszy (lepshi) Worse = gorszy (gorrshi) Young = młody (mwodi) Old = stary (starri) Thick = gruby (grroobi) Thin = chudy (hoodi) Tall = wysoki (visokee) Short = niewysoki (n’ye-visokee) Right = poprawny (poprravni) Wrong = niepoprawny (n’yepo-prravni) Big = duży (doozhi) Small = mały (mahwi) Cheap = tani (tanee) Expensive = drogi (drrogee) Clean = czysty (chisti) Dirty = brudny (brroodni) Dark = ciemmy (tch’yem-ni) Light = jasny (yasni) Early = wczesny (f-chesni) Late = póżny (poozh’ni) Empty = pusty (poosti) Full = pełny (pewni) Good = dobry (dobrri) Bad = zły (z-wi) Quiet = cichy (tch’ee-hi) Noisy = hałasliwy (hawah-sh’leevi) Quick = szybki (shipkee) Slow = wolny (volni) Open = otwarty (ot-farrti) Shut = zamknięty (zam-k-n’yenti) Next = następny (nastemp-ni) Last = ostatni (ostatnee)
HOW MUCH, HOW MANY?
How much is that? =Ile to kosztuje? (eeleh to kosh-tooyeh) How many are there? = Ile tu jest? (eeleh too yest)
Common answers:
1/2/3 = jeden/dwa/trzy (yeden/dva/t-shi) 4/5 = cztery/pięć (ch-terri/p-yen’tch) None = nic (neets) About 100 zlotys = około stu żłotych (okowo stoo zwo-tih) Too much = za dużo (za doozho) A little = trochę (trroheh) Enough = dość (dosh’tch) Much more = dużo więcej (doozho v-yen-tsey) More than that = trochę więcej (troheh v-yen-tsey) Less than that = trochę mniej (trro-heh m-n’yey) Nothing else = nic więcej (neets v-yen-tsey)
WHY, WHO, WHOSE, HOW, IS IT, ARE THERE, CAN?
Why is that? = Dlaczego tak? (dlachego tak) Why not? = Czemu nie? (chemoo n’yeh) Who is it for? = Dla kogo to? (dla kogo to) Whose is that? = Czyje to? (chi-yeh to) Who’s there? = Kto tam? (kto tam) Which one do you want? = Który pan chce? (ktoorri pan htseh) How would you like to pay? = Jak będzie pan płacił? (yak ben-diyeh pan pwah-tch’eew) How are you getting there? = Jak tu pan dojedzie? (yak too pan doye-diyeh) Is it free of charge? = Czy to jest bezpłatne? (chi to yest bes-pwaht-neh) Here it is = Proszę, tu jest (prrosheh too yest) There it is = Proszę, tam jest (prrosheh tam yest) Can I …..? = Czy mogę ……?(chi mogeh) Can you show me …..? = Czy może mi pan pokazać ( chi mozheh mee pan pokazatch) Can you help me? = Prosze, mi pomóc? (prrosheh mee pomoots)
EXCLAMATIONS
At last! = Wreszcie! (vrresh-tch’yeh) Go on = Proszę dalej (prrosheh daley) Very Good = bardzo dobrze (barrdzo dobzheh) No way! = W żadnym przypadku! (v zhad-nim pshi-patkoo) Fine = dobrze (dobzheh) Not bad = nieżle (n’ye-zh’leh)
For further information about Poland, please visit our travel partner, the Poland Travel Agency.
